characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Agriculture. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Section D. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Includes a market overview and trade data. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. >. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Advanced Search Citation Search . Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Section D. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Cookies on OCLC websites. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. Abstract and Figures. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). <i>Methods</i>. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Merkebu Getachew. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. This site contains PDF documents. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Agriculture in Ethiopia. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. However, the expected level was not achieved. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. why did the buffalo population decrease after 1975, ushl combines 2021, coleman funeral home ackerman, ms,